Is the creature in frankenstein Adam or Satan free essay sample

Is the creature in Frankenstein Adam or Satan ? In Frankenstein, Mary Shelley , one of the big questions is: Is Frankensteins creature in Adam or Satan Ill answer this question in this essay I will begin to show the similarities that the creator of Adam and Satan. We will see that it has more links with Adam until the discovery of its creator. Finally, I show that the creature is more victim than bad person . As Adam, Frankensteins monster is the first of its kind created by another being. The creation of the monster was almost synonymous with he creation of Adam , Like Adam , I am apparently united by no link to any other being in existence. Monster , like Adam, had not the choice that is and what they do. Adam fell from the grace of God. creature at the first breath fell from the grace of Frankenstein. creature wants acceptance from his father and seeks . We will write a custom essay sample on Is the creature in frankenstein Adam or Satan? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is lonely and looking for a partner . It is only through education saying that the creature is given , starting from a life of innocence and ignorance , he tries to survive in a hostile world that becomes like Satan. l am rather the fallen angel , you drivest Joy without fault. Everywhere I see bliss, I am the only irrevocably excluded. I was benevolent and good , misery made me a monster . Early in his life the creature smiled sympathetically Victor through his bed curtains . He suffers from neglect. He learns the hard way that it is ugly. he is despised because of its unpleasant appearance. creature does not defend himself Felix . It is good and never kill anyone until he discovers the nature of his creation and how Victor has to leave . The monster seems to represent Adam and Satan first, without conscience, he holds the earth in search f himself , and when he is found, he rebelled against his creator and master. His anger against Victor and his crimes can not be Justified because because he was rejected in his life too . Many times I considered Satan as the fitter emblem of my condition , for often , like him, when I saw the happiness of my protectors, the bitter gall of emy rose within me. It is simply Jealous and angry. I can not agree with what he did , but I can understand his human reasons. In conclusion, the creature is born as Adam. But try to survive with his self-education, it becomes like Satan, because he is a victim.

The treasure in the forest Essay Example

The treasure in the forest Essay Example The treasure in the forest Paper The treasure in the forest Paper Essay Topic: Treasure Island The story takes place during Victorian times at the peak of the BRITISH EMPIRE. The idea of the White British men seeking out new land to colonise, obtain resources and potentially slaves. However this wasnt the goal of this band of explorers, it was to seek out lost Spanish treasure for self gain. The two men were named Evans and Hooker. The location wasnt known as it was virgin land but it was somewhere off China in Pacific Asia. It was isolated and uninhabited, the land was comprised by small and medium sized islands. They span over great distances with minor and vast sized gaps of separation. The explorers entered the barrier of coral surrounding the island through a gap that was a small river. They trailed the river inside to the white sanded beaches they saw a thick forest. This may have been similar sight to the type of palm tree seen by the Victorian explorers in India or somewhere in Africa. The foliage of the trees was similar to a fluffy bright cloud. It created an almost awe inspiring scene, there was a clear view through the virgin forest. The rose like mountains, the beautiful sights, the appearance of the sea was calm and still yet blazing with light. The sun was shining with overt generosity like a zenith furnace, the land of the rising sun. It was silent, the only noise was from the deep blue sea crashing against the coral and the rocks. The air was filled with warm moisture and the cool Pacific sea breeze simultaneously. They were floating into a lagoon while observing the map and discussing it. They were exhausted and didnt feel the exaltation that they were expecting as a reward for the last leg of their endeavour. Hooker was rowing while Evans closed his eyes slightly and fell into a daze. He could see a dark part of the forest and where it was empty he hallucinated. It was nighttime and he saw three figures, a fire burning on one side and moonlight on the other side. The middle figure a cross with red, silver and black in colour. He heard them speaking in pigeon English, this was very strange to him. He saw the Spanish galleon that had run aground and the diseased and weary men take their boats and leave. He then saw Chang-hi come across the Spanish ingots and go away to bury them. This was the secret information Evans needed, the exact location of the treasure. He sees heaps of gold and tries to reach for it but Chang-hi was stopping him and then he threatens Evans. Evans dream becomes irrational as Chang-hi`s pigtail appears in his hand and is getting larger along with the rest of his body. The heaps of gold ablaze in front of his eyes, the very thing he was searching for. Then a giant devil like creature filled his mouth with coals, he was severely burned. He heard another devil shout Evans, Evans you sleepy fool! It was Hooker shouting, they were at the mouth of the lagoon. They got off and onto the bay of the lagoon. Hooker turned the canoe upside down and used it like a knife to cut their way trough the green tangled vines and brushes that surrounded them. The environment they had entered was alien to them in almost every way. The strange trees, tall grass, flowers and plants were all unnamed to them. They saw a figure among the trees, it was in an unnatural position. They both drew nearer, it was a blue coloured chinaman. This was a shock to both as they had a foreboding feeling that this was Chang-chi. They saw a hole was already dug up and thought to themselves about what was here and the fact that some one else had been here already. They went inwards and they discovered the gold ingots, Evans picked them up with his bare hands and got a thorn stuck in his thumb. He didnt realise the danger at the time and continued. They were arguing about what should be done with Chang-chis body, Hooker wanted to bury the body but Evans wanted to just let it stay there. They eventual decided to leave the body and take a few gold ingots as they couldnt take any more weight. They carried the ingots in a stretcher type contraption using Evans jacket. Suddenly Evans let his half of the jacket drop and grabbed his throat, he went against a tree and said, itll be alright in a minute. He cried out in pain and fell to the floor crouching on his side, he was moving rashly and spasmodically. Hooker knew the plant, he had seen a tribe of jungle people use it as poison in their blow darts. Evans told Hooker to take the ingots and get out of there, Hooker packed up the ingots into Evans jacket. While he was doing this he felt a little prick on the ball of his thumb, he pulled the thorn out and endeavoured in vain to suck the poison out, there was nothing he could do for Evans or himself. Hooker never really thought about Chang-chi but he thought what the map had said, my secret is well guarded. Hooker knew finally what he had meant by this and just imagined his grin while looking at his companion. Evans who was twitching like a fish on dry land with its last breath at any moment and Hooker crouched while sitting could do nothing more than become statues of failure in their dire hour.

Strategic Outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Strategic Outsourcing - Essay Example And this is still true today, the two main reasons for outsourcing attested to by a number of scholars   are 1. Improve Company focus, 2. Reduce and control operating costs (Mylot, 1995; Field, 1998; Greaver, 1999; Barthelemy, .2001). However, in recent times, organizations have become increasingly dissatisfied with their outsourcing contracts. An article from the MIT Sloan Management Review (1998) states that a survey by Cap Gemini Ernst & Young found that only 54% of companies are satisfied with their outsourcing, down from more than 80% a decade ago. The landscape of outsourcing has also changed dramatically in the last year with the increased popularity of SOA and raises questions such as 1. How will software vendors react to service-oriented architecture, real-time infrastructure and fusion? 2. How will enterprises achieve value on their investments in software? Similarly how the ESP are going to address to the questions such as 1. Transform their business models from highly c ustom one-to-one services to a one-to-many or many-to-many service model? 2. Effectively partner with ESP’s that are moving or have moved to a leveraged service model.Interestingly enough Gartner predicts that â€Å"by 2007, driven in part by SOA-based Web services, 18 percent of all IT professional services will be deployed in a multi enterprise, shared service environment. Enterprise application vendors are the likely beneficiaries of the SOA bounty when it comes to outsourcing. Vendors such as Oracle and PeopleSoft have grown.

The World trade organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The World trade organisation - Essay Example Their mission is to help firms and producers of goods and services, importers and exporters improve their profit.† Advantages WTO has a number of benefits. Firstly, WTO’s trading system encourages peace between nations. In particular, when nations carry out trading with each other without any conflict, they subsequently resolve a number of trading issues and build long-term relationships. This leads to the creation of peace between them. In addition, the trading system also forces enhancement of confidence and teamwork between nations. For example, earlier, people who sell products and services used to hesitate due to trade disputes with their international customers. However, after WTO, the trading has now become a smooth process, and both the seller and the buyer are satisfied with the exchange, leading to a good relationship. In other words, political arguments now occur on a lesser level. An easygoing trade helps nations all around the globe to feel safe. People who are satisfied and successful with international trade are less likely to have fights and disagree with one and another, In other words, wars are less likely to happen between countries. Secondly, the trade system enables effective management and resolution of conflicts and disagreements on international level.

Case Study- Malden Mills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case Study- Malden Mills - Essay Example The $25 million payment in payroll was bad for the company because it forced the firm to pay additional debt in the long run which raised the fixed costs of the company (Fina-lib, 2011). A good aspect about the decision was that that company built a reputation with the government, private industry, and general public that helped the company in the future land a $19 million U.S Department of Defense manufacturing apparel contract. My decision after the fire would have been either to retire or to move the operations to a foreign country that offered lower operating costs. Feuerstein did not consider the implications of the potential of losing a lot of customers after the fire. Many of the customers that left could not be recovered because they entered into contractual obligations with other manufacturers. If one of the vision’s of the company was to keep the operation in America I would have followed the firm’s vision, but the operation would have been reopened at a smaller scale through the implementation of a downsizing initiative. The firm would have lost between 20-40% of its employees and under no circumstance would I have turned the firm into a social agency by paying free salaries from the money that should have been used to reconstruct the business. Feuersteins philosophy of human resources was that the employees of the company were the most valuable asset the firm had. Retaining and developing human capital was a top priority of the firm. The company had a human resource philosophy that is aligned with the Japanese philosophy of lifetime employment. Feuerstein’s believed that the well being of the employees was his responsibility. 4. Before the fire, Malden Mills was a privately held company, owned by Feuerstein. After the fire, Feuerstein had to borrow money from different creditors in order to rebuild his business. Please answer the following: The difference between a privately owned company and a publicly owned

Cutting Fluids and Lubrication in Manufacturing

Cutting Fluids and Lubrication in Manufacturing Importance Of Cutting Fluids And Lubrication In Manufacturing Processes 1. Introduction:- Cutting Fluids:- Cutting Fluid Management for Small Machining Operations iii Cutting fluids have been used extensively in metal cutting operations for the last 200 years. In the beginning, cutting fluids consisted of simple oils applied with brushes to lubricate and cool the machine tool. Occasionally, lard, animal fat or whale oil was added to improve the oils lubricity. As cutting operations became more severe, cutting fluid formulations became more complex. Todays cutting fluids are special blends of chemical additives, lubricants and water formulated to meet the performance demands of the metalworking industry. There are now several types of cutting fluids on the market, the most common of which can be broadly categorized as cutting oils or water-miscible fluids. Water-miscible fluids, including soluble oils, synthetics and semisynthetics, are now used in approximately 80 to 90 percent of all applications. Although straight cutting oils are less popular than they were in the past, they are still the fluid of choice for certain metalworking applications. Cutting fluids play a significant role in machining operations and impact shop productivity, tool life and quality of work. With time and use, fluids degrade in quality and eventually require disposal once their efficiency is lost. Waste management and disposal have become increasingly more complex and expensive. Environmental liability is also a major concern with waste disposal. Many companies are now paying for environmental cleanups or have been fined by regulatory agencies as the result of poor waste disposal practices. Fortunately, cutting fluid life may be extended significantly by implementing an effective fluid management program. The primary objective of fluid management is to maintain fluid quality and performance through administration, monitoring, maintenance and recycling practices. This allows machine shops to make the most cost-effective use of their fluid. It is also the best pollution prevention technology available. Overall, fluid management provides a means to: Operate in a more environmentally sound manner; Improve productivity and reduce costs; Increase competitiveness; Maintain environmental compliance and reduce environmental liability; Consistently manufacture quality products; and Provide a healthier and safer work environment for employees. Proper management of cutting and grinding fluids may also prevent them from being declared a hazardous waste at the end of their useful life. With increasing environmental regulation, a reduction in cutting fluid waste is an economical, practical and achievable goal. Cutting Fluids: (Lubricants + Coolants) Used in machining as well as abrasive machining processes Reduces friction wear Reduce forces and energy consumption Cools the cutting zone Wash away the chips Protect Machined surfaces from environmental corrosion  · The term â€Å"cutting fluids† is used to denote the coolants and lubricants that are used in metal machining and their allied operations like lapping, honing etc. Thin-wall milling of aluminum using a water-based cutting fluid on the milling cutter. Cutting fluids are various fluids that are used in machining to cool and lubricate the cutting tool. There are various kinds of cutting fluids, which include oils, oil-water emulsions, pastes, gels, and mists. They may be made from petroleum distillates, animal fats, plant oils, or other raw ingredients. Depending on context and on which type of cutting fluid is being considered, it may be referred to as cutting fluid, cutting oil, cutting compound, coolant, or lubricant. Every kind of machining (e.g., turning, boring, drilling, milling, broaching, grinding, sawing, shaping, planing, reaming, tapping) can potentially benefit from one kind of cutting fluid or another, depending on work piece material. (Cast iron and brass are usually machined dry. Interrupted cuts such as milling with carbide cutters are usually recommended to be used dry due to damage to the cutters caused by thermo shock). 2. Cutting Fluid Characteristics Functions Of Cutting Fluid The primary function of cutting fluid is temperature control through cooling and lubrication. Application of cutting fluid also improves the quality of the workpiece by continually removing metal fines and cuttings from the tool and cutting zone. Cutting Fluid Management for Small Machining Operations 2 Temperature Control Laboratory tests have shown that heat produced during machining has a definite bearing on tool wear. Reducing cutting-tool temperature is important since a small reduction in temperature will greatly extend cutting tool life. As cutting fluid is applied during machining operations, it removes heat by carrying it away from the cutting tool/workpiece interface . This cooling effect prevents tools from exceeding their critical temperature range beyond which the tool softens and wears rapidly . Fluids also lubricate the cutting tool or work piece interface, minimizing the amount of heat generated by friction. A fluids cooling and lubrication properties are critical in decreasing tool wear and extending tool life. Cooling and lubrication are also important in achieving the desired size, finish and shape of the work piece. No one particular fluid has cooling and lubrication properties suitable for every metalworking application. Straight oils provide the best lubrication but poor cooling capacities. Water, on the other hand, is an effective cooling agent, removing heat 2.5 times more rapidly than oil. Alone, water is a very poor lubricant and causes rusting. Soluble oils or chemicals that improve lubrication, prevent corrosion and provide Other essential qualities must be added in order to transform water into a good metalworking fluid. Removal Of Cuttings And Particulates A secondary function of metalworking fluid is to remove chips and metal fines from the tool/workpiece interface. To prevent a finished surface from becoming marred, cutting chips generated during machining operations must be continually flushed away from the cutting zone. Application of cutting fluid also reduces the occurrence of built-up edge (BUE). BUE refers to metal particulates which adhere to the edge of a tool during machining of some metals. BUE formation causes increased friction and alters the geometry of the machine tool. This, in turn, affects workpiece quality, often resulting in a poor surface finish and inconsistencies in work piece size. Metalworking fluids decrease the occurrence of BUE by providing a chemical interface between the machine tool and work piece. Cutting Fluid Properties In addition to providing a good machining environment, a cutting fluid should also function safely and effectively during machining operations. Corrosion Protection Cutting fluids must offer some degree of corrosion protection. Freshly cut ferrous metals tend to rust Rapidly since any protective coatings have been removed by the machining operation. A good Metalworking fluid will inhibit rust formation to avoid damage to machine parts and the work piece. It will also impart a protective film on cutting chips to prevent their corrosion and the formation of Difficult-to-manage chunks or clinkers. To inhibit corrosion, a fluid must prevent metal, moisture and oxygen from coming together. Chemical metalworking fluids now contain additives which prevent corrosion through formation of invisible, nonporous films. Compounds (such as amines and fatty acids) which form a protective coating on a metals surface, blocking chemical reactions. Passivating films are formed by inorganic compounds containing oxygen (such as borates, phosphates and silicates). These compounds react with the metal surface, producing a coating that inhibits corrosion. Management for Small 3 Cutting Fluid Stability/Rancidity Control In the early days of the industrial revolution, lard oil was used as a cutting fluid. After a few days, lard oil would start to spoil and give off an offensive odor. This rancidity was caused by bacteria and other microscopic organisms that grew and multiplied within the oil. Modern metalworking fluids are susceptible to the same problem. No matter how good the engineering qualities of a coolant, if it develops an offensive odour, it can cause problems for management. The toxicity of a fluid may also increase dramatically if it becomes rancid due to chemical decomposition, possibly causing the fluid to become a hazardous waste. Fluid rancidity shortens fluid life and may lead to increased costs and regulatory burdens associated with fluid disposal. A good cutting fluid resists decomposition during its storage and use. Most cutting fluids are now formulated with bactericides and other additives to control microbial growth, enhance fluid performance and improve fluid stability. Transparency And Viscosity In some operations, fluid transparency or clarity may be a desired characteristic for a cutting fluid. Transparent fluids allow operators to see the workpiece more clearly during machining operations. Viscosity is an important property with respect to fluid performance and maintenance. Lower viscosity fluids allow grit and dirt to settle out of suspension. Removal of these contaminants improves the quality of the fluid recirculating through the machining system. This can impact product quality, fluid life and machine shop productivity. Cutting Fluid Management for Small Machining Operations 4 3. Fluid Selection Oil-Based Fluids including straight oils, soluble oils and ag-based oils Chemical Fluids including synthetics and semisynthetics Fluids vary in suitability for metalworking operations. Petroleum-based cutting oils are frequently used for drilling and tapping operations due to their excellent lubricity while water-miscible fluids provide the cooling properties required for most turning and grinding operations. A. Oil-Based Cutting Fluids Straight Oils (100% Petroleum Oil) Straight oils, so called because they do not contain water, are basically petroleum, mineral, or age-based oils. They may have additives designed to improve specific properties. Generally additives are not required for the easiest tasks such as light-duty machining of ferrous and nonferrous metals. For more severe applications, straight oils may contain wetting agents (typically up to 20% fatty oils) These additives improve the oils wettability; that is, the ability of the oil to coat the cutting tool, workpiece and metal fines. They also enhance lubrication, improve the oils ability to handle large amounts of metal fines, and help guard against microscopic welding in heavy duty machining. For extreme conditions, additives (primarily with chlorine and sulfurized fatty oils) may exceed 20%. These additives strongly enhance the Antiwelding properties of the product. Soluble Oils (60-90% Petroleum Oil) Soluble oils (also referred to as emulsions, emulsifiable oils or water-soluble oils) are generally comprised of 60-90 percent petroleum or mineral oil, emulsifiers and other additives. A concentrate is mixed with water to form the metalworking fluid. When mixed, emulsifiers (a soap-like material) cause the oil to disperse in water forming a stable â€Å"oil-in-water† emulsion . They also cause the oils to cling to the workpiece during machining. Emulsifier particles refract light, giving the fluid a milky, Opaque appearance. ADVANTAGES. Soluble oils offer improved cooling capabilities and good lubrication due to the blending of oil and water. They also tend to leave a protective oil film on moving components of machine tools and resist emulsification of greases and slideway oils. Cutting Fluid Management for Small Machining Operations 6 Soluble oils are a general purpose product suitable for light and medium duty operations involving a variety of ferrous and nonferrous applications. Although they do not match the lubricity offered by straight oils, wetting agents and EP additives (such as chlorine, phosphorus or sulfur compounds) can extend their machining application range to include heavy-duty operations. Most cutting operations handled by straight oils (such as broaching, trepanning, and tapping) may be accomplished using heavy-duty soluble oils. B. Chemical Cutting Fluids Chemical cutting fluids, called synthetic or semisynthetic fluids, have been widely accepted since they were first introduced in about 1945. They are stable, preformed emulsions which contain very little oil and mix easily with water. Chemical cutting fluids rely on chemical agents for lubrication and friction reduction. These additives also improve wettability These compounds react with freshly-machined metal to form chemical layers which act as a solid lubricant and guard against welding during heavy-duty machining operations. Fluids containing EP lubricants significantly Reduce the heat generated during cutting and grinding operations. Synthetics (0% Petroleum Oil) Synthetic fluids contain no petroleum or mineral oil. They were introduced in the late 1950s and generally consist of chemical lubricants and rust inhibitors dissolved in water. Like soluble oils, synthetics are provided as a concentrate which is mixed with water to form the metalworking fluid. These fluids are designed for high cooling capacity, lubricity, corrosion prevention, and easy maintenance. Due to their higher cooling capacity, synthetics tend to be preferred for high-heat, high-velocity turning operations such as surface grinding. They are also desirable when clarity or low foam characteristics are required. Heavy-duty synthetics, introduced during the last few years, are now capable of handling most machining operations. Synthetic fluids can be further classified as simple, complex or emulsifiable synthetics based on their composition. Simple synthetic concentrates (also referred to as true solutions) are primarily used for light duty grinding operations. Complex synthetics contain synthetic lubricants and may be used for moderate to heavy duty machining operations. Machining may also be performed at higher speeds .inning Operations Synthetics are easily separated from the workpiece and chips, allowing for easy cleaning and handling of these materials. In addition, since the amount of fluid clinging to the workpiece and chips is reduced Disadvantages. Synthetic fluids are easily contaminated by other machine fluids such as lubricating oils and need to be monitored and maintained to be used effectively. Semisynthetics (2-30% Petroleum Oil) As the name implies, semisynthetics (also referred to as semi-chemical fluids) are essentially a hybrid of soluble oils and synthetics. They contain small dispersions of mineral oil, typically 2 to 30 percent, in a water-dilutable concentrate . The remaining portion of a semi-synthetic concentrate Semisynthetics are often referred to as chemical emulsions or preformed chemical emulsions since the concentrate already contains water and the emulsification of oil and water occurs during its production. Most semisynthetics are also heat sensitive. Oil molecules in semisynthetics tend to gather around the cutting tool and provide more lubricity. As the solution cools, the molecules redisperse. 4. Mechanisms Of Actions Cooling:- Metal cutting operations involve generation of heat due to friction between the tool and the pieces and due to energy lost deforming the material. The surrounding air alone is a rather poor coolant for the cutting tool, because the rate of heat transfer is low. Ambient-air cooling is adequate for light cuts with periods of rest in between, such as are typical in maintenance, repair and operations (MRO) work or hobbyist contexts. However, for heavy cuts and constant use, such as in production work, more heat is produced per time period than ambient-air cooling can remove. It is not acceptable to introduce long idle periods into the cycle time to allow the air-cooling of the tool to catch up when the heat-removal can instead be accomplished with a flood of liquid, which can keep up with the heat generation. Lubrication At The Tool-Chip Interface:- Besides cooling, cutting fluids also aid the cutting process by lubricating the interface between the tools cutting edge and the chip. By preventing friction at this interface, some of the heat generation is prevented. This lubrication also helps prevent the chip from being welded onto the tool, which interferes with subsequent cutting.  · Delivery Methods:- Every conceivable method of applying cutting fluid (e.g., flooding, spraying, dripping, misting, brushing) can be used, with the best choice depending on the application and the equipment available. For many metal cutting applications the ideal would be high-pressure, high-volume pumping to force a stream of fluid directly into the tool-chip interface, with walls around the machine to contain the splatter and a sump to catch, filter, and recirculate the fluid. This type of system is commonly employed, especially in manufacturing. It is often not a practical option for MRO or hobbyist metalcutting, where smaller, simpler machine tools are used. Active Cutting Oils:- Highly colourised mineral oil Normally black in colour with a pungent smell Oils at above discussed point, diluted with low viscosity mineral oil Lighter in colour. Light transparent mineral oil carrying sulphur or chlorine Light in colour and suitable for even severe cutting conditions. Light transparent mineral oil carrying sulphur or chlorine mixed with sulfurised and chlorinated or fatty oils or acids They find a common application. Inactive Cutting Oils:- The Inactive cutting oils are the straight mineral oils or straight mineral oils mixed with neat fatty oils, acids or sulfurised fatty oils. Among the fatty oils commonly used are lard oil, tallow and some fatty acids. Pastes Or Gels:- Cutting fluid may also take the form of a paste or gel when used for some applications, in particular hand operations such as drilling and tapping. Mists:- Some cutting fluids are used in mist (aerosol) form, although breathing such a lubricant in mist form is a severe and immediate health hazard. Present:- Kerosene, rubbing alcohol, and 3-In-One Oil often give good results when working on aluminium. Lard is suitable for general machining and also press tool work. Mineral oil WD-40 Dielectric fluid is the cutting fluid used in Electrical discharge machines (EDMs). It is usually deionised water or a high-flash-point kerosene. Intense heat is generated by the cutting action of the electrode (or wire) and the fluid is used to stabilise the temperature of the work piece, along with flushing any eroded particles from the immediate work area. The dielectric fluid is nonconductive. Liquid- (water- or petroleum oil-) cooled water tables are used with the plasma arc cutting (PAC) process. Past:- In 19th-century machining practice, it was not uncommon to use plain water. This was simply a practical expedient to keep the cutter cool, regardless of whether it provided any lubrication at the cutting edge-chip interface. When one considers that high-speed steel (HSS) had not been developed yet, the need to cool the tool becomes all the more apparent. (HSS retains its hardness at high temperatures; other carbon tool steels do not.) An improvement was soda water, which better inhibited the rusting of machine slides. These options are generally not used today because better options are available. Lard was very popular in the past. It is used infrequently today, because of the wide variety of other options, but it is still an option. Old machine shop training texts speak of using red lead and white lead, often mixed into lard or lard oil. This practice is obsolete. Lead is a health hazard, and excellent non-lead-containing options are available. From the mid-20th century to the 1990s, 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane was used as an additive to make some cutting fluids more effective. 5. Enviornmental Impact:- Old, used cutting fluid must be disposed of when it is fetid or when it is chemically degraded and has lost its performance. As with used motor oil or other wastes, its impact on the environment should be mitigated. Legislation and regulation specify how this mitigation should be achieved. Enforcement is the most challenging aspect. Modern cutting fluid disposal may involve techniques such as ultra filtration using polymeric or ceramic membranes which concentrates the suspended and emulsified oil phase. 6. Coolants:- A coolant is a fluid which flows through a device to prevent its overheating, transferring the heat produced by the device to other devices that use or dissipate it. An ideal coolant has high thermal capacity, low viscosity, is low-cost, non-toxic, and chemically inert, neither causing nor promoting corrosion of the cooling system. Some applications also require the coolant to be an electrical insulator. While the term coolant is commonly used in automotive, residential and commercial temperature-control applications, in industrial processing, heat transfer fluid is one technical term more often used, in high temperature as well as low temperature manufacturing applications. The coolant can either keep its phase and stay liquid or gaseous, or can undergo a phase change, with the latent heat adding to the cooling efficiency. The latter, when used to achieve low temperatures, is more commonly known as refrigerant. 1) Gases:- Air is a common form of a coolant. Air cooling uses either convective airflow (passive cooling), or a forced circulation using fans. Hydrogen, the first hydrogen-cooled turbo generator went into service with gaseous hydrogen as a coolant in the rotor and the stator in 1937 at Dayton, Ohio, by the Dayton Power Light Co, because of the thermal conductivity of hydrogen gas this is the most common type in its field today. Inert gases are frequently used as coolants in gas-cooled nuclear reactors. Helium is the most favored coolant due to its low tendency to absorb neutrons and become radioactive. Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are frequently used as well. Sulfur hexafluoride is used for cooling and insulating of some high-voltage power systems (circuit breakers, switches, some transformers, etc.). Steam can be used where high specific heat capacity is required in gaseous form and the corrosive properties of hot water are accounted for. 2) Liquids:- The most common coolant is water. Its high heat capacity and low cost makes it a suitable heat-transfer medium. It is usually used with additives, like corrosion inhibitors and antifreezes. Antifreeze, a solution of a suitable organic chemical (most often ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, or propylene glycol) in water, is used when the water-based coolant has to withstand temperatures below 0  °C, or when its boiling point has to be raised. Butane is a similar coolant, with the exception that it is made from pure plant juice, and is therefore not toxic or difficult to dispose of ecologically. Very pure deionised water, due to its relatively low electrical conductivity, is used to cool some electrical equipment, often high-power transmitters. Heavy water is used in some nuclear reactors; it also serves as a neutron moderator. Cutting fluid is a coolant that also serves as a lubricant for metal-shaping machine tools. EX:-. Some fast breeder nuclear reactors. Sodium or sodium-potassium alloy NaK are frequently used; in special cases lithium can be employed. Another liquid metal used as a coolant is lead, in EX:- lead cooled fast reactors, or a lead-bismuth alloy. Some early fast neutron reactors used mercury. 7. Lubrication Lubricant:- A lubricant (sometimes referred to as lube) is a substance (often a liquid) introduced between two moving surfaces to reduce the friction between them, improving efficiency and reducing wear. They may also have the function of dissolving or transporting foreign particles and of distributing heat. One of the single largest applications for lubricants, in the form of motor oil, is to protect the internal combustion engines in motor vehicles and powered equipment. Typically lubricants contain 90% base oil (most often petroleum fractions, called mineral oils) and less than 10% additives. Vegetable oils or synthetic liquids such as hydrogenated polyolefin, esters, silicones, fluorocarbons and many others are sometimes used as base oils. Additives deliver reduced friction and wear, increased viscosity, improved viscosity index, resistance to corrosion and oxidation, aging or contamination, etc. Lubricants such as 2-cycle oil are also added to some fuels. Sulfur impurities in fuels also provide some lubrication properties, which have to be taken in account when switching to a low-sulfur diesel; biodiesel is a popular diesel fuel additive providing additional lubricity. Non-liquid lubricants include grease, powders (dry graphite, PTFE, Molybdenum disulfide, tungsten disulfide, etc.), teflon tape used in plumbing, air cushion and others. Dry lubricants such as graphite, molybdenum disulfide and tungsten disulfide also offer lubrication at temperatures (up to 350  °C) higher than liquid and oil-based lubricants are able to operate. Limited interest has been shown in low friction properties of compacted oxide glaze layers formed at several hundred degrees Celsius in metallic sliding systems, however, practical use is still many years away due to their physically unstable nature. Purpose:- Lubricants perform the following key functions:- 1) Keep moving parts apart 2) Reduce friction 3) Transfer heat 4) Carry away contaminants debris 5) Transmit power 6) Protect against wear 7) Prevent corrosion 8) Seal for gasses 9) Stop the risk of smoke and fire of objects General Composition:- Lubricants are generally composed of a majority of base oil and a minority of additives to impart desirable characteristics. Types Of Lubricants:- 1) Gas 2) Liquid including emulsions and suspensions e, natural water repellant) Water Mineral oils Vegetable (natural oil) Synthetic oils Other liquids 3) Solid 4) Greases 5) Adhesive 8. Use And Application Of Cutting Fluids:- Automotive Engine oils Petrol (Gasoline) engine oils Diesel engine oils Automatic transmission fluid Gearbox fluids Brake fluids Hydraulic fluids Tractor (one lubricant for all systems) Universal Tractor Transmission Oil UTTO Super Tractor Oil Universal STOU includes engine Other motors 2-stroke engine oils Industrial Hydraulic oils Air compressor oils Gas Compressor oils Gear oils Bearing and circulating system oils Refrigerator compressor oils Steam and gas turbine oils Aviation Gas turbine engine oils Piston engine oils Marine Crosshead cylinder oils Crosshead Crankcase oils Trunk piston engine oils 9. Components Of Fluid Management Program Administration:- Commit the personnel, equipment and other resources necessary for the program. Encourage employee support and participation. Designate fluid management personnel to implement the program. Survey the fluids, machines and sump capacities of the shop. Develop a record keeping system to track the program. Monitoring And Maintenance Prepare and mix the fluid according to manufacturers directions. Use quality water to dilute fluid concentrate and replenish evaporation losses. Monitor and maintain proper fluid concentration. Monitor for microbial contamination and control microbial growth through water quality control, maintaining proper fluid concentration and pH, routine maintenance of equipment, biocide additions and aeration. Monitor pH for signs of fluid degradation. Perform regular machining system inspections and maintenance practices, particulate removal, tramp oil control, general housekeeping and annual cleanouts. Prevent foaming with proper fluid concentration, quality water and eliminating mechanical effects that agitate cutting fluid. Recycle fluid well before it becomes significantly degraded. Never attempt to recycle rancid fluid. Select fluid recycling equipment based on the needs, objectives and financial resources of the shop. 10. Chemical Treatment:- Chemical treatment is the addition of chemicals which change the nature of the liquid waste. Simple chemical-treatment methods work well on some wastewater. Metalworking wastes are too complex for most treatment processes. Chemical treatment beyond pH control is generally not an option for small facilities. 11. Ultra Filtration System:- Ultra filtration systems were created for the metalworking industry to treat such wastes as used cutting fluids, detergents, parts-washing solutions, and other oily wastewaters. Strict environmental laws require proper treatment prior to discharge. Ultrafiltration systems provide effective treatment of this wastewater by separating the water from the oily waste. The quality of water is then ready for sewer disposal. <

Euthanasia Essay -- Philosophy, Immanuel Kant

Euthanasia is an action that result in the death of a person. There are four types of euthanasia, such as voluntary active euthanasia, nonvoluntary active euthanasia, voluntary passive euthanasia, and nonvoluntary passive euthanasia. Among the four types of euthanasia, voluntary active euthanasia or VAE is the most controversial ethical issue in the United States. It is the killing of a competent patient who decided to end his/her suffering by ending his/her life with the help of the physician. VAE is illegal in the Unites States; however, it is morally just. Voluntary active euthanasia is legitimately moral on the basis of Immanuel Kant’s human dignity, the utilitarian’s Greatest Happiness Principle, and James Rachel’s view of active euthanasia. According to Immanuel Kant, a person has dignity that makes him autonomous. Thus, the decision of the autonomous patient to die has intrinsic value. Because patients are rational agent, they are able to make their own decision based on reason. A rational patient will reason that if continued existence is full of suffering and no-hope for better well-being, therefore, the best option is to discontinue his/her life to save him/herself from that future condition. It is the patient’s approach to manage his/her own life. Dan W. Brock is right in his article â€Å"Voluntary Active Euthanasia† when he said that, â€Å"self-determination [or autonomy] has fundamental value†¦ [because]†¦ individual [can] control the manner, circumstances, and timing of their dying and death† (75). The dignity of the patient lies in their â€Å"capacity to direct their lives† (Brock 75). According to Stephen G. Potts, a patient might seek euthanasia for the benefits of other people (79). In his argument against VAE, the p... ...uffer. The voluntary active euthanasia is legitimately moral. It is morally right for a person to seek euthanasia because it is their freedom or autonomy to control their own lives. It ends the suffering of the patient without harming other people. Furthermore, it prevents the person to suffer by giving him/her lethal injection or medication that prevents a person to die slowly with pain. On the other hand, the arguments against euthanasia are not sound. A thorough assessment will protect patient who request euthanasia for the benefits of others. A patient who seek for euthanasia does not use him/herself as means, but as ends to respect his/her own humanity. Furthermore, God as a benevolent will not allow a person to suffer which endorse the purpose of euthanasia – to end suffering. Therefore, voluntary active euthanasia should be legalized in the United States. Euthanasia Essay -- Philosophy, Immanuel Kant Euthanasia is an action that result in the death of a person. There are four types of euthanasia, such as voluntary active euthanasia, nonvoluntary active euthanasia, voluntary passive euthanasia, and nonvoluntary passive euthanasia. Among the four types of euthanasia, voluntary active euthanasia or VAE is the most controversial ethical issue in the United States. It is the killing of a competent patient who decided to end his/her suffering by ending his/her life with the help of the physician. VAE is illegal in the Unites States; however, it is morally just. Voluntary active euthanasia is legitimately moral on the basis of Immanuel Kant’s human dignity, the utilitarian’s Greatest Happiness Principle, and James Rachel’s view of active euthanasia. According to Immanuel Kant, a person has dignity that makes him autonomous. Thus, the decision of the autonomous patient to die has intrinsic value. Because patients are rational agent, they are able to make their own decision based on reason. A rational patient will reason that if continued existence is full of suffering and no-hope for better well-being, therefore, the best option is to discontinue his/her life to save him/herself from that future condition. It is the patient’s approach to manage his/her own life. Dan W. Brock is right in his article â€Å"Voluntary Active Euthanasia† when he said that, â€Å"self-determination [or autonomy] has fundamental value†¦ [because]†¦ individual [can] control the manner, circumstances, and timing of their dying and death† (75). The dignity of the patient lies in their â€Å"capacity to direct their lives† (Brock 75). According to Stephen G. Potts, a patient might seek euthanasia for the benefits of other people (79). In his argument against VAE, the p... ...uffer. The voluntary active euthanasia is legitimately moral. It is morally right for a person to seek euthanasia because it is their freedom or autonomy to control their own lives. It ends the suffering of the patient without harming other people. Furthermore, it prevents the person to suffer by giving him/her lethal injection or medication that prevents a person to die slowly with pain. On the other hand, the arguments against euthanasia are not sound. A thorough assessment will protect patient who request euthanasia for the benefits of others. A patient who seek for euthanasia does not use him/herself as means, but as ends to respect his/her own humanity. Furthermore, God as a benevolent will not allow a person to suffer which endorse the purpose of euthanasia – to end suffering. Therefore, voluntary active euthanasia should be legalized in the United States.

Apple Board of Directors

Lydia Butler Board of Directors Apple A. Board of Directors 1. William V. Campbell Chairman Intuit, Inc. (external) 1983 Tim Cook CEO Apple (internal) 2011 Millard S. Drexler Chairman and Chief Executive Officer J. Crew (external) 1999 Albert Gore, Jr. Former Vice President of the United States (external) 2003 Andrea Jung Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Avon Products, Inc. (external) 2008 Arthur D. Levinson, Ph. D. Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Genentech, Inc. (external) 1980 Ronald D. Sugar, Ph. D. Former Chairman and CEO Northrop Grumman Corporation (external) 2010 2. Members of the board do in fact own stock in Apple including Tim Cook who was given 1 million shares when he became CEO. 3. From research online I found that most Board members had a mix of both public and restricted stock depending on the person. 4. All of the board members are seasoned CEO’s of their own corporations, many of which have been the best of their expertise for decades and served on many other boards. 5. The year each member of the board joined is adjacent to their names. 6. Members of the board do not only â€Å"rubber stamp† management decisions but are also excited to use their talents and ideas to further better the company. For example, in his bio on Apple. com, it is stated about that Ron Sugar that: â€Å"In addition to having been the CEO of a high-tech Fortune 100 company, Ron has a Ph. D. in engineering and has been involved in the development of some very sophisticated technology. † CORPORATE GOVERNANCE A. Board of Directors 1. Who is on the board? Are they internal or external members? 2. Do they own significant shares of stock? 3. Is the stock privately held or publicly traded? Are there different classes of stock with different voting rights? 4. What do the board members contribute to the corporation in terms of knowledge, skills, background, and connections? If the corporation has international operations, do board members have international experience? 5. How long have members served on the board? 6. What is their level of involvement in strategic management? Do they merely rubber-stamp top management's proposals, or do they actively participate and suggest future directions? You have a good start here, but additional information and research would have been nice to see. Be sure to provide and cite your references. 80/100

Nintendo Strategy

Simplifying the design and use of the WI system allowed the developers to create the perfect entry strategy for their new target market with great success. In the first half of 2007, the Nintendo WI sold more units in the united States than the Oxbow 360 and Plantation 3 (ASS). In the first quarter of 2008, Nineteen's net sales were up over 20% from the same quarter the previous year and WI was outselling Its seventh generation home system rivals the Sony Plantation 3 and the Oxbow 360.Nineteen's net income in the same quarter was up over 30% from the same quarter the previous year due to the intended strength of WI and Nintendo ADS hardware and software sales. Finally, most believe that both Sony and Microsoft had been traditionally operating at a loss with anticipated gains In software and game sales while Nintendo enjoyed operating profits. Although initially surprised by Wig's resounding broad appeal, Sony and Oxbow were prepared for a series of competitive counter moves designed to attack Wig's popularity going into the 2008 holiday season.Some of your students may have received early versions of game consoles such as Nintendo 64, Saga Genesis, or Plantation or handheld games such as Nintendo Gamey as gifts when they were children. Given he increasing popularity, sophistication and complexity of consoles, it's also likely Tanat a majority AT your students currently own one AT ten inhumane game or consoles mentioned in the case.The case will allow you to illustrate concepts from Chapters 3 – 6 if used as a stand alone case or can be paired with Case 11–Competition in the Video Game Console Industry if you prefer to use the case to focus on the strategy options presented in Chapters 5 and 6. The case provides sufficient information to allow students to prepare a review of the industry dominant economic characteristics, Lully examine the competitive forces at play in the video game industry, consider the industry driving forces and key success f actors, and examine Nineteen's internal situation and recent financial performance.The case also allows students to understand how focused differentiation strategies are capable of yielding above- average profit margins without a reliance on premium pricing. The case also allows students to understand the appeal of Nineteen's Blue Ocean strategy and observe how the company has turned a first mover advantage into what appears to be a sustainable advantage. This teaching note reflects the thinking and analysis of the case authors, Professor Lou Marino and Sally Garrett, both of the University of Alabama.We are most grateful for their insight, analysis and contributions to how the case can be taught successfully. 717 718 Case 12 Nineteen's Strategy for the WI-?Good Enough to Beat Oxbow 360 and Plantation 3? Finally, the case's strong decision focus allows students to consider what Nintendo must do next to ultimately win the battle among next generation video game consoles. To give stud ents guidance in what to do and think about in preparing theNintendo case for class discussion, we strongly recommend providing class members with a set of study questions and insisting that they prepare good notes/answers to these questions in preparing for class discussion of the case. To facilitate your use of study questions and making them available to students, we have posted a file of the Assignment Questions contained in this teaching note for Nintendo on the student section of the publisher's Online Learning Center for the 17th edition (www. Meme. Com/Thompson). You should be aware that there is a set of study questions posted in the student LLC for each of the 26 cases included in the 17th edition. ) In our experience, it is quite difficult to have an insightful and constructive class discussion of an assigned case unless students have conscientiously have made use AT pertinent core concepts Ana analytical tools In preparing ostentatious answers to a set of well-conceived study questions before they come to class. In our classes, we expect students to bring their notes to the study questions to use/refer to in responding to the questions that we pose.Moreover, students often find having a set of study questions is useful in helping them prepare oral team presentations and Ritter case assignments-?in addition to whatever directive questions you supply for these assignments. Hence, we urge that you insist students spend quality time preparing answers to study questions-? either those we have provided or a set of your own questions. There is a 2:48 second video that accompanies this case that discusses how the WI has expanded the market for video games by appealing to non-traditional gamers.It is best to show the video at the very beginning of the class discussion. The case can be used effectively for a written assignment or oral presentation. Our recommended questions for written assignments are as follows: 1. You have recently been hired by Nintendo o f America as an analyst and have been assigned to its WI strategy group. During your first meeting with the strategy group, the team leader asked that you prepare an analysis of the video game console industry for distribution at the next meeting.Please prepare a 5-6 page report that includes a description of the industry dominant business and economic characteristics, evaluates competition in the industry, assesses industry driving forces, and lists industry key success factors. Your report should also include a tragic group map of the entire video game industry and specific strategy recommendations that will allow the WI to remain the leading next generation console. 2. As a newly hired Nintendo of America retail representative, you have been asked to Join a cross functional strategy group.The group's charge from upper level management is to make a set of recommendations designed to further solidify the company's number-one ranking in the industry. Your recommendations to upper ma nagement should be in the form of a 2 – 3 page executive summary and must be supported with a complete industry analysis, company situation analysis, and uncial analysis. Each recommendation should be supported by your analyses and must clearly specify what elements of your analysis led to your conclusions.The exhibits, tables and figures used in your analysis should be attached to your executive summary and carry an equal weight in determining your grade for the assignment. ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS 1 . What are the defining business and economic characteristics of the video game console industry? What is the industry like? 2 want Is competition Like In ten peeve game console Industry:' DOD Twelve-Tortes analysis to support your answer. Which of the five competitive forces is strongest? Which is weakest?Would you characterize the overall strength of competition in video game consoles as fierce, strong, moderate to normal or weak? Why? Crafting & Executing Strategy 17th Edition 3. What forces are driving changes in the video game console industry? Are these driving forces acting to make the industry more or less competitively intense? Are the driving forces acting to make the industry more or less profitable in future years? 4. What 3-5 key factors determine the success of video game console developers like Nintendo? 5. What is Nineteen's strategy?Which of the five generic strategies discussed in Chapter 5 is Nintendo using? What are some of the recent offensive and/or defensive strategies that Nintendo has employed? Have these tactics been successful? 6. Is it fair to characterize Nineteen's introduction of the WI as a blue ocean strategy? Why or why not? 7. How well is Nineteen's strategy working in terms of the financial performance it is delivering? Should shareholders be pleased? Why or why not? What 2-3 weaknesses do you see in Nineteen's financial performance? 8. What does a SOOT analysis reveal about the attractiveness of Nineteen's overall taxation? Is the company's competitive position as solid as top management seems to believe? Does the company have a competitive advantage? If so, what is the basis for this competitive advantage and is the advantage sustainable? 9. What does a competitive strength assessment (as per the methodology in Table 4. 4 of Chapter 4) reveal about whether Nintendo has a competitive advantage? 10. What recommendations would you make to Nintendo to improve its competitiveness in the video game console industry and to maintain its favorable positioning visit-Г-visit Microsoft and Sony?TEACHING OUTLINE AND ANALYSIS . What are the defining business and economic characteristics of the video game console industry? What is the industry like? Students should be able to identify the following business and economic characteristics of the console segment of the video game industry: v Economies AT scale: competitors In ten Industry are large Ana conclave cost advantages by producing large quantities. However, both Sony and Microsoft have traditionally operated at a loss in part due to heavy investments into research and development. Product innovation: Competitors win market share from rivals by developing arduous that are technologically superior and more powerful than the products offered by rivals. New products often contain technological breakthroughs such as advanced graphics or interactive motion-sensitive controllers as the basis for competition. V Degree of product differentiation: Products in the market are becoming increasingly more differentiated. Some products offer high definition graphics and play DVD's while others offer controllers with motion sensors to fundamentally change the way gamers play and interact with the game. Scope of competitive rivalry: Competition occurs on a global scale to help bread research and development costs while driving revenues. For the largest competitors, non-American sales account for the majority of worldwide sales with the exception of Oxb ow v Segmentation: The industry was segmented into console hardware, console software, handheld hardware, handheld software, PC software, online games, interactive TV, and mobile phone games. V Market size: The total size of the global video game industry exceeded 69 million units sold in 2008. 19 720 Students should further identify the following as important attributes of the industry: v Entry/Exit barriers. Barriers to entry were all but insurmountable. Successful new entrants were required to have sufficient capital and technological capabilities to develop sophisticated game hardware systems capable of performing highly complex calculations. Other barriers to entry included the establishment of an installed base of sufficient size to provide an adequate incentive for independent software developers to create games for a new game system. Scope of rivalry. Rivalry in the industry could be considered global, with the three largest sellers of game systems competing against each oth er in all world arrest. Competition exists on the basis of technologically-advanced and unique v scale economies. Economies AT scale were necessary to Keep game system Ana component development expenses at acceptable per unit levels. Next generation game system and component development costs were so high that analysts believed Sony and Microsoft consistently operated at a loss. V Consumer characteristics.While typical gamers could be thought to have demographic characteristics of being young and male, a new trend is emerging whereby traditional non-gamers are now potential consumers. This has expanded nonuser characteristics to include a wider array of ages along with male and female consumers. 2. What is competition like in the video game console industry? Do a five-forces analysis to support your answer. Which of the five competitive forces is strongest? Which is weakest? Would you characterize the overall strength of competition in video game consoles as fierce, strong, moderate to normal or weak? Why?Substitutes for Video Game Systems Competitive pressures coming from the market attempts of outsiders to win buyers over to their product s Suppliers of Raw Materials and other inputs used in the Manufacturing f Video Game Consoles Competitive pressures stemming from supplier-seller collaboration and bargaining Rivalry among Competing Video Game System Sellers Competitive pressures created by the Jockeying of rival sellers for better market position and competitive advantage seller-buyer collaboration and bargaining Buyers of Video Game Systems Competitive pressures coming from the threat of entry of new rival s Potential New Entrants Into ten Vivo Game console Industry v The bargaining power and leverage of buyers – a weak competitive force Big box electronics store and discount store buyers had relatively little leverage in estimations with sellers of video game consoles. Consumers expected retailers to carry the three leading brands of consoles and the top two brands of handheld games.A decision by retailers not to carry the leading brands of game consoles would negatively impact the retailer's image with consumers. Students may suspect that manufacturers had uniform pricing for retailers, regardless of size, because of the standardized retail prices of game consoles. V The bargaining power and leverage of suppliers – a moderately strong competitive force Students will easily conclude that suppliers of microprocessors and graphics recessing units (Spins) had a moderate degree of leverage with console manufacturers because of the collaborative development process utilized in the industry. Console makers were unable to negotiate between sellers of core components, since microprocessors and Spins were specifically designed for a system.Students can rightfully argue that video game console producers did have the ability to negotiate terms with components manufacturers prior to the development of a next generation system. V Competition from substitutes – a moderately strong competitive force There were many recreation and entertainment substitutes to video games. Video gamers could engage in outdoor sports or other activities or find entertainment indoors by watching television, reading, listening to music, surfing the Internet, playing board games, or playing a musical instrument. However, the interactive nature of video games was very intriguing for many young people and older gamers. Students should point out that other gaming platforms such as PC games, handheld games and mobile phone games were also substitutes for console-based video games. Threat of entry – a weak competitive force Entry barriers that include considerable console development costs, advanced genealogical skills, a sizeable installed base of game consoles, game software development costs, volume guarantees to suppliers of key components and access to retailers make the threat of entry weak. The most likely new entran ts would be established computer technology companies such as Apple. V Rivalry among competing video game console producers – a fierce competitive Torte Students should conclude that rivalry among competing sellers is fierce. Competition between Nintendo, Sony and Microsoft centers primarily on the technological capabilities of the consoles and having a wide variety of appealing name titles developed either internally or through partnerships with independent game developers. The intensity of competition had driven console development and production costs to more than $800 per unit for the Plantation 3.A third competitive weapon utilized by console makers was aggressive pricing, which resulted in a loss of more than $300 per unit on every Plantation 3 sold. Microsoft's Oxbow 360 pricing was also believed to be below its production costs. Nintendo had chosen not to compete aggressively on technological capabilities when developing the WI and has earned refits on the sales of WI units. Overall Assessment: Students should conclude that the video game industry is only modestly attractive when looking at the console segment. The greatest percentage of industry profits seemed to generate from the sale of game software and peripherals. Students may compare the video game business to the razor/razor blade industry, whereby razors are sold at a loss or breakable and blades carry high margins.The development of a large installed base of console systems is essential to earning substantial profits from the sale of game software over the lifespan of a console. Therefore, students should recognize that the video game industry requires patience on the part of participants to see profits from their investments in next generation technology. 721 722 3. What forces are driving changes in the video game console industry? Are these driving forces acting to make the industry more or less competitively intense? Are the driving forces acting to make the industry more or less p rofitable in future years? Driving forces that students should be able to identify include: v Product innovation.Students should note that since the beginning of the died game industry, each new generation of video game consoles has been dramatically more technologically advanced than prior generations. Technological advancements have included better graphics (I. E. , high definition) and motion sensor controllers. V Emergence of new video game devices. Students will comment on the emergence of new video game devices such as mobile phones, ‘Pods, and other handheld devices. V Emergence AT Internet-Dates peeve games. Beginning wilt ten Good Ana Play 2, game consoles were capable of connecting to the Internet to play Internet-based game software or multilayer games. Societal trends.Changes in societal trends influence the disposable income of consumers to buy consoles. The industry is said to be resilient to recession. Changes in demographic groups present an opportunity in unta pped market segments. V Changing consumers. There has been a change in the target audience for video game console industry competitors with the introduction of Nineteen's WI. Incumbents are likely to take note of this new segment. Students should conclude that the individual and collective effect of industry driving forces will drive development costs higher-?making the industry less attractive for new entrants and increasing the number of unit sales necessary for current console makers to achieve breakable.Students could make the argument that, as development and production costs continue to climb, consoles must evolve into central entertainment hubs that all consumers would like to have in their homes to achieve sales volumes necessary to support profitability. In addition, students may suggest that the cost of developing handheld systems will likely rise as features are added to defend against game features included on wireless telephones and pod- type devices. 4. What 3-5 key fa ctors determine the success of video game console developers like Nintendo? Students should identify several factors that are necessary for competitive success in the console segment of the video game industry to include the following: v Large installed base.Students should be able to argue successfully that the development of a large installed base is the most important factor related to success in the console segment of the video game industry. A limited selection of game titles reduced consumer interest in the console-?regardless of its technological capabilities. V Technological capabilities. Video game console makers were required to develop next generation consoles that could fully exploit the capabilities of the latest microprocessors and Spins. Traditional gamers seemed most interested in games with realistic graphics. Nineteen's WI did not have the graphics rendering capabilities of the Plantation 3 or Oxbow 360, but did include a highly innovative and technologically advan ced wireless game controller. Partnerships with independent software developers. The availability of intriguing game titles was essential to building an installed base and earning residual pronto Trot game sales. Strategy 17th Edition rattling & Executing v Acceptable development and production costs. Development costs and production costs increased as each new generation of game console became more technologically advanced. The cost to develop microprocessors and Spins capable of performing increasingly complex instruction sets and the cost of innovative components such as Sonny's Blue-Ray HAD optical drive had caused the cost of each Plantation 3 unit to range from $805 to $840.The Plantation g's retail price caused Sony to lose as much as $305 per unit, which increased the volume of game software that must be sold to make the business unit profitable. Access to distribution. Students should determine without much difficulty that access to retail distribution through big box elect ronics stores and large discount stores such as Wall-Mart and Target are essential to building an installed base. Chapter 5 is Nintendo using? What are some of the recent offensive and/ or Students should identify a firm's competitive strategy as being concerned with the specific game plan management uses to compete successfully and to secure a competitive advantage over its rivals.This requires that a firm out-compete its rivals by doing a better Job of satisfying buyer needs and preferences. Companies can employ one of five generic strategies or some combination thereof to beat its rivals. Those generic strategies include the following: overall low-cost provider strategy, broad differentiation strategy, focused low-cost strategy, focused differentiation strategy and best-cost provider strategy. Students may find that Nintendo is using a broad differentiation strategy, which involves competing by being unique in ways that are valuable to a wide range of customers. Nineteen's WI uti lizes a game controller that is highly interactive by incorporating motion sensors.As such, Nintendo has successfully built a competitive advantage by incorporating features that enhance buyer satisfaction in uneconomic or intangible ways, which is one of the four ways to build a competitive advantage with a broad differentiation strategy. Nineteen's broad differentiation strategic approach has been successful since technological breakthroughs are a critical success factor in the industry. Additionally, Nineteen's recent offensive and defensive strategies have helped the company successfully implement its strategy. A core element of Nineteen's offensive strategy involved changing the market's perception of WI by offering a very different gaming

What is the relationship between Organizational structures, culture and theirs factors The WritePass Journal

What is the relationship between Organizational structures, culture and theirs factors Introduction What is the relationship between Organizational structures, culture and theirs factors Introduction  Ã‚   Organizational structures/culture/factorsLeadership styles and organisational theoriesMotivational theories organisationsNature of groups and technologyConclusionsRelated Introduction Organizational Behavior is a field of study that investigates how individuals, groups and structure affect and is affected by behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving an organization effectiveness. A consciously coordinated social unit composed of two or more people that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goal. An Organization is a structured social system consisting of groups and individuals working together to meet some agreed goals and objectives. An organization is a social organization which controls the goals and objectives of the company. This report is based on the theoretical concept of organizational behavior and how these behaviors will affect the managerial decision making and improve the performance of the organization. Organization behavior helps to learn about yourself and how to deal with others. You’re part of an organization now, and will continue to be a part various organizations. Organizations are increasingly expecting individuals to be able to work in teams, at least some of the time. The main purpose of this report is to critically evaluate all these theories and reasons for studying the organizational behaviour and ways of improving the knowledge on this field. The following questions will discuss some of the important aspect of organizational behaviour.   Ã‚   Organizational structures/culture/factors Organizational Structure is a topic seldom contemplated by most people working in organizational settings. We all go to work every day, go to assigned locations, and perform our jobs - and we don’t ever think about how our organization is arranged. However, Organizational Structure is critical both for a company and its employees. People should think very carefully about the organizational structure of the companies for which they work or of companies for which they intend to work. In the long run, Organizational Structure can spell the difference between success and failure for a company, as well as for the individuals who work there. Comparing organisational structure types involves identifying related objectives of the organisations being compared and then cross-comparing those objectives with the different strategies, policies, and procedures available in accomplishing them. Functional vs. Line organisational structures – functional organisations provide support, assistance, and labour to other departments or other organisations that make an actual product. Line organisations are responsible for making a product. Line-and –staff vs. Network organisational structures – line and staff organisational structure is combination of both a line and functional organisational structure. A network organisational structure outsources procedural tasks and exports manufacturing duties to independent organizations. Network organisations export tasks involved in making products to independent entities, those entities inherit the liability associated with providing services to network organisations. In contrast, bureaucratic organizational structures have product departments that are supervised by the organisation itself. Matrix organizational structures create tailor-made teams to addresses specific problems. Network organizational structures may harness volunteer labour and leverage user-generated problem solving to address a specific issue. Culture consists of the learned patterns of behaviour common to members of a given society the unique lifestyle of a particular group of people. Organisational culture is defined as a complex set of values, beliefs, assumptions, and symbols that define the way which firm conducts its business. Cultural differences and their implications for organisations have been studied by many researchers, but the way culture has been treated as a variable central to the study differs quite considerably. Cultural continuity and coherence between organisations and the society within they operate is the aspect which has to be addressed fully while doing any cross cultural research. The opinion on cultural influence on organizational structure fully represents own point of view. In order to find more general and proved relationships between culture and organisations structure dimensions wide research need to be done. There are some factors which influence individual behaviour at workplace. Demographic factors are socio economic background, education, nationality, race, age, sex, etc. Organisations prefer persons that belong to good socio-economic background, well educated, young etc as they are believed to be performing better than the others. Abilities and skills factors are a physical capacity of an individual to do something can be termed as ability. Skills can be defined as the ability to act in a way that allows a person to perform well. The individual behaviour and performance is highly influenced by ability and skills. Furthermore, Attitude factor can be defined as tendency to respond favourably or unfavourably to certain objects, persons or situations. The employees can perform better in the organisation if they form a positive attitude. The factors such as family, society, culture, peers and organisational factors influence the information of attitude. At last but not least, Personality factor which can be defined as the study of the characteristics and distinctive traits of an individual, the inter-relations between them and the way in which a person responds and adjusts to other people and situations. Leadership styles and organisational theories Research and investigation into different management leadership styles has been fragmented and inconsistent. There are various types of leaderships styles like: Autocratic leadership, Democratic, Bureaucratic, Laissez faire, and Paternalistic. In Autocratic Leadership managers seeks to make as many decisions as possible, they have the most authority and control in decision making, managers seeks to retain responsibility rather than utilise complete delegation. Moreover, managers are less concerned with investing their own leadership development, and prefer to simply work on commanded subordinates. Democratic leadership is the style that promotes the sharing of responsibility, the exercise of delegation and continual consultation. In these leadership managers seeks consultation on all major issues and decisions. Manager effectively delegate tasks to subordinates and give them full control and responsibility for those tasks. The bureaucratic leadership style is concerned with ensuring workers follow rules and procedures accurately and consistently.   Leaders expect employees to display a formal, business-like attitude in the workplace and between each other. Managers gain instant authority with their position, because rules demand that employees pay them certain privileges, such as being able to sign off on all major decisions. As a result, leaders suffer from ‘position power’. Taylor’s scientific management theory developed by Taylor is based on the concept of planning work to achieve efficiency, standardisation, specialisation and simplification. Taylor developed the following four principles of scientific management for improving productivity: Science, not rule-of-thumb  Old rules-of-thumb should be supplanted by a scientific approach to each element of a persons work. Scientific selection of the worker  Organizational members should be selected based on some analysis, and then trained, taught and developed. Management and labour cooperation rather than conflict  Management should collaborate with all organizational members so that all work can be done in conformity with the scientific principles developed. Scientific training of the worker  Workers should be trained by experts, using scientific methods. Another theory which known as Weber’s approach (1947) based the concept of the formal organisation on the following principles: Structure  In the organization, positions should be arranged in a hierarchy, each with a particular, established amount of responsibility and authority. Specialization  Tasks should be distinguished on a functional basis, and then separated according to specialization, each having a separate chain of command. Predictability and stability  The organization should operate according to a system of procedures consisting of formal rules and regulations. Rationality  Recruitment and selection of personnel should be impartial. Administrative theory (Fayol, 1949) relates to accomplishment of tasks, and includes principles of management, the concept of line and staff, committees and functions of management. Division of work or specialization  increases productivity in both technical and managerial work. Authority and responsibility is imperative for an organizational member to accomplish the organizational objectives. Discipline  Members of the organization should honour the objectives of the organization. They should also comply with the rules and regulations of the organizations. Unity of command  means taking orders from and being responsible to only one superior.  Unity of direction  Members of the organization should jointly work toward the same goals. Subordination of individual interest to general interest   interest of the organization should not become subservient to individual interests or the interest of a group of employees. Remuneration of personnel can be based on diverse factors such as time, job, piece rates, and bonuses, profit-sharing or non-financial rewards.  Centralization  Management should use an appropriate blend of both centralization and de-centralization of authority and decision making. Motivational theories organisations There are a number of different views as to what motivates workers. The most commonly held views or theories are discussed below and have been developed over the last 100 years or so. Unfortunately these theories do not all reach the same conclusions! Taylor Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856 – 1917) put forward the idea that workers are  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   motivated mainly by pay. His Theory of Scientific Management argued the following: Workers do not naturally enjoy work and so need close supervision and control. Therefore managers should break down production into a series of small tasks. Workers should then be given appropriate training and tools so they can work as efficiently as possible on one set task. Workers are then paid according to the number of items they produce in a set period of time- piece-rate pay. Taylor’s methods were widely adopted as businesses saw the benefits of increased productivity levels and lower unit costs. The most notably advocate was Henry Ford who used them to design the first ever production line, making Ford cars. This was the start of the era of mass production. Taylor’s approach has close links with the concept of an autocratic management style (managers take all the decisions and simply give orders to those below them) and Macgregor’s Theory X approach to workers (workers are viewed as lazy and wish to avoid responsibility). Mayo Elton Mayo (1880 – 1949) believed that workers are not just concerned with money but could be better motivated by having their social needs met whilst at work (something that Taylor ignored). He introduced the Human Relation School of thought, which focused on managers taking more of an interest in the workers, treating them as people who have worthwhile opinions and realising that workers enjoy interacting together. From this Mayo concluded that workers are best motivated by: Better communication  between managers and workers (Hawthorne workers were consulted over the experiments and also had the opportunity to give feedback) Greater manager involvement  in employees working lives (Hawthorne workers responded to the increased level of attention they were receiving) Working in groups or teams  (Hawthorne workers did not previously regularly work in teams) Maslow Abraham Maslow (1908 – 1970) along with Frederick Herzberg (1923-) introduced the Neo-Human Relations School in the 1950’s, which focused on the psychological needs of employees. Maslow put forward a theory that there are five levels of human needs which employees need to have fulfilled at work. All of the needs are structured into a hierarchy (see below) and only once a lower level of need has been fully met, would a worker be motivated by the opportunity of having the next need up in the hierarchy satisfied. For example a person who is dying of hunger will be motivated to achieve a basic wage in order to buy food before worrying about having a secure job contract or the respect of others. A business should therefore offer different incentives to workers in order to help them fulfil each need in turn and progress up the hierarchy (see below). Managers should also recognise that workers are not all motivated in the same way and do not all move up the hierarchy at the same pace. They may therefore have to offer a slightly different set of incentives from worker to worker. Herzberg Frederick Herzberg (1923) had close links with Maslow and believed in a two-factor theory of motivation. He argued that there were certain factors that a business could introduce that would directly motivate employees to work harder (Motivators). However there were also factors that would de-motivate an employee if not present but would not in themselves actually motivate employees to work harder (Hygiene factors) Motivators are more concerned with the actual job itself. For instance how interesting the work is and how much opportunity it gives for extra responsibility, recognition and promotion. Hygiene factors are factors which ‘surround the job’ rather than the job itself. For example a worker will only turn up to work if a business has provided a reasonable level of pay and safe working conditions but these factors will not make him work harder at his job once he is there. Importantly Herzberg viewed pay as a hygiene factor which is in direct contrast to Taylor who viewed pay and piece-rate in particular. Herzberg believed that businesses should motivate employees by adopting a democratic approach to management and by improving the nature and content of the actual job through certain methods. Motivation plays a huge role in any organization or company. The level of motivation can directly affect not only the quality of life but can strengthen or weaken the bottom line. Every manager and or leader should know and work to make sure they keep their employees motivated no matter what place those employees are in their careers. Managers can keep their employees motivated by identifying individual factors that influence behaviour, understanding and applying motivation theories and enacting effective behaviour modification that encourages a higher level of motivation for the individual employee. A motivated workforce can make any company or organization a competitive force. Employees who are motivated usually produce at a higher level, create a better product or service and can be fertile ground for innovative ideas. Nature of groups and technology The term group can be defined as two or more persons interacting and working together for a common purpose. When people work in groups rather than as individuals, the goals of the Organization can be easily achieved. However, working in a group is a complex task. Group dynamics refers to the interactions between the members of a group. A work group of an organization is the main foundation for the social identity of employees in that organization. Hence, performance at work and relationships outside the organization are influenced by the nature of groups in the organization. In this unit, we will discuss the nature and types of groups and the stages in development of groups along with the structure, tasks, and processes of groups. Different types of groups are formed to achieve specific results in organizations. There are three views on the nature of interaction between members of a group or group dynamics. The first view is the normative view, which describes how to carry out activities and organize a group. According to the second view, group dynamics consists of a set of techniques which include brainstorming, role play, team building, sensitivity training, self-managed teams, and transactional analysis. The third view explains group dynamics from the viewpoint of the internal nature of the groups. The formation of groups, structure, processes, and functioning are discussed in this view along with the effect of groups on individuals, other groups, and the complete organization. The use of new technologies can improve and in some cases hider team functioning. As technology changes teams must update and maintain their knowledge in order to function effectively. There are technologies like e-mail, mobile phones, groupware and computers which have improved team functions. E-mail allows asynchronous communication which team members do not be in the same place at the same time in order to communicate effectively. Mobile phones have come a long way from yuppie bricks of the 1980s and there are now more mobile phones in the UK then there are people. Groupware enables teams to plan meetings, collaborate, delegate all within a virtual environment which can often be accessed remotely from anywhere in the world. Computers allow team members to carry out various tasks and communicate more effectively. Laptop computers allow you to do this anywhere. Conclusions According to my opinion company should have use different leadership styles, motivational theories of different theorist or economist, and other organisational behaviour strategies for business operations. Basically, this report describes all these things. Company should critically evaluate all the issues of management which can directly or indirectly affecting the business operations. Many employers now expect employees to understand their own performance and to know how to adapt to meet times of increased workload, stressful situations or conditions of change. Employees are expected to respond well to change. Whilst some employers offer training, it is more typical for employers to expect graduates to arrive ready to manage both their own performance and the performance of other people. Organizational Structure is critical both for a company and its employees. People should think very carefully about the organizational structure of the companies for which they intend to work. In the long run, Organizational Structure can spell the difference between success and failure for a company, as well as for the individuals who work there. Furthermore, culture and organisation’s structure should be interred related with each other. As I mentioned earlier about how culture affects on organisation as well as individual behaviour at work. Evaluation of theories using technologies can helps organisation to improve and growth of company. References a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.bized.co.uk b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.businessballs.com c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.Thestudentroom.co.uk d)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Class notes and self knowledge Bibliography a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mr. Brooks (2008), Organisational Behaviour: groups and organisation, 4th edition, Prentice Hall b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Laurie J. Mullins (1995), Organisational Behaviour and Management, 4th revised edition, FT Prentice Hall

Choose two potential markets( construction related, such as railway or Essay

Choose two potential markets( construction related, such as railway or civil etc. ) for a contracting organisation to enter for - Essay Example Overall, construction advanced by 8% in the year 2010 and in the subsequent year by 2.8% (DKM Economic Consultants, 2009, P.15). Nevertheless, by the later part of the year 2011, the entire construction industry’s growth had started to become slow with a relative downturn in the year 2010. For instance, new construction orders in the year 2012 were below the preceding quarter’s level, by 8.5% (DKM Economic Consultants, 2009, P.17). At this time, the house construction sector, both public and private suffered a major blow, and only infrastructure construction showed slight signs of development, as the government made the attempt to keep the civil works running, through collaboration with private investors. This implies that, by the year 2012, the house construction segment had been surpassed by civil engineering in terms of performance and industry leadership. The United Kingdom’s construction industry is a major economic pillar, since it contributes about a tenth of Britain’s (GDP), provides work to approximately 1.4 million individuals and accrues revenue of about ?65 billion per year. This industry is also ranked among the world’s top ten industries, further emphasizing its significance and the wide array of opportunities it has for new engineering companies. Construction Market Sectors The United Kingdom building and engineering industry comprises of large and dominant companies, which operate along with smaller establishments. Competitive rivalry in the industry is slightly eased when companies diversify their operations into different sectors. Key among these sectors, are the house construction and civil engineering sectors, which are analyzed hereunder, for the purpose of advising a potential construction contractor (Greenhalgh and Squires, 2011, P.35). Civil Engineering Sector Civil Engineering, which encompasses public works like railway, highway and other infrastructure constructions, is UK’s building and const ruction industry’s largest segment. This sector accounts for approximately 52.9% of the overall value of the industry (Data Monitor. 2012, P.7). In 2012, the output from infrastructure construction amounted to ?14,181 million, whereas infrastructure maintenance stood at ?7,775m (Data Monitor. 2012, P.10). Division of the civil engineering sector into its sub-sectors indicates that, railways, roads, as well as, water and sewerage subdivisions represent the greatest infrastructure construction components, at 25%, 24% and 22% in that order (Data Monitor. 2012, P.16). In the duration running from 2007 to 2011, all the new civil engineering sub-sectors depicted relatively steady annual growth. For instance, the water and sewerage sub-sector depicted a 10% growth, the roads sub-division a growth of 9%, while the railway construction sub-sector was at 24% (Data Monitor. 2012, P.18). One of the principal leaders in this sector is Balfour Beatty. This renowned civil engineering compan y deals with construction, business investment and overall engineering services. Balfour Beatty offers its specialized services in complex structure, road, utility systems and rail construction, not only to the United Kingdom, but to the entire globe as well. The company’s operations cover the entire European region, the Americas, as well as, the Asia Pacific area. This

Electrical Engineering Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Electrical Engineering - Personal Statement Example My father who was an engineer used to teach me about technological advances and has always encouraged me to learn more about this. My first interaction with computers was at the early age when I was only five years. In my primary school, I was very good in science subjects and the same was reflected in my secondary school. I used to perform as the best student in physics and computer subjects. As a result, my teachers continued to encourage me to engage in electrical engineering once I go for higher education. Once I joined the University I chose to undertake a bachelors degree in electrical engineering. While in college I found my studies very enjoyable as I engaged in what I was interested in. Spending most of my time in the laboratory was not something I dread but the best thing is that I take pride in my work. This has contributed to the successful completion of my graduate degree. During my college education, I have also been able to design a functional microprocessor which I pe rceived as an experience and achievement for learning. It was also a major focus for my technical and professional advancement which is now motivating me to undertake a post-baccalaureate study in electrical engineering. I always aspire to take what my heart feels comfortable with and since being an electrical engineer professional is my major goal that’s why I would like to enroll in this program. Having already completed my graduate degree I would like to undertake more research and engage in coursework which will help me enhance my competence in electrical engineering. My main goal is to finish my post-baccalaureate degree and then pursue my Ph.D. The type of research that I am mostly interested in is on optical properties on MEMS devices and develop faster electro-optical interfaces. My special interest in this area is derived from my undergraduate studies in MEMs in the development of advanced and favorable tri-axial accelerometers. Pursuing this type of research will be a challenge to me and at times I might feel defeated but my special interest in this field and learning will give me the courage to accomplish my goal.